white-space

The CSS white-space property controls how text is handled on the element it is applied to. Let’s say you have HTML exactly like this:

<div>
  A bunch of words you see.
</div>

You’ve styled the div to have a set width of 100px. At a reasonable font size, that’s too much text to fit in 100px. Without doing anything, the default white-space value is normal, and the text will wrap. See the example below or follow along at home with the demo.

div {
  /* This is the default, you don't need to
     explicitly declare it unless overriding
     another declaration */
  white-space: normal; 
}

If you want to prevent the text from wrapping, you can apply white-space: nowrap;

Notice in HTML code example at the top of this article, there are actually two line breaks, one before the line of text and one after, which allow the text to be on its own line (in the code). When the text renders in the browser, those line breaks appear as if they are stripped out. Also stripped out are the extra spaces on the line before the first letter. If we want to force the browser to display those line breaks and extra white space characters we can use white-space: pre;

It’s called pre because the behavior is that as if you had wrapped the text in <pre></pre> tags (which by default handle white space and line breaks that way). White space is honored exactly as it is in the HTML and the text does not wrap until a line break is present in the code. This is particularly useful when literally displaying code, which benefits aesthetically from some formatting (and sometimes is absolutely crucial, as in white-space-dependent languages!)

Perhaps you like how pre honors white space and breaks, but you need the text to wrap instead of potentially break out of its parent container. That’s what white-space: pre-wrap; is for:

Finally, white-space: pre-line; will break lines where they break in code, but extra white space is still stripped.

Interestingly, the final line break is not honored. As per the CSS 2.1 spec: “Lines are broken at preserved newline characters, and as necessary to fill line boxes.” so perhaps that makes sense.

Here is a table to understand the behaviors of all the different values:

	New lines	Spaces and tabs	Text wrapping
normal	Collapse	Collapse	Wrap
pre	Preserve	Preserve	No wrap
nowrap	Collapse	Collapse	No wrap
pre-wrap	Preserve	Preserve	Wrap
pre-line	Preserve	Collapse	Wrap

In CSS3, the white-space property is literally going to follow that chart and map the properties to text-space-collapse and text-wrap accordingly.

More information

• CSS write-space Property (DigitalOcean)
• How to Prevent Line Breaks Using CSS (DigitalOcean)
• Mozilla Docs

Browser support

IE	Edge	Firefox	Chrome	Safari	Opera
8+	All	All	All	All	All

Android Chrome	Android Firefox	Android Browser	iOS Safari	Opera Mobile
All	All	All	All	All

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